What is required for a deposition to be certified as valid?

For a deposition to be certified as valid, it is essential that the witness signs the deposition. This signature serves as a confirmation that the testimony given during the deposition is accurate and reflects the witness's statements. The witness’s signature also helps to authenticate the document, making it a reliable and official record that can be used in court.

Other elements like the attorney's signature and approval from a judge may be involved in different contexts but are not the primary requirements for validating the content of the deposition itself. The focus is on the witness’s agreement to the content, which solidifies the authenticity and reliability of the testimony documented. This process is crucial to ensure that the deposition can be used effectively in legal proceedings.